The purpose of the current research was to investigate the obstacles to the implementation of school-based management in Iran's educational system based on the interpretive Structural modeling approach. The research method was a modeling study. The statistical population of the research was specifically the academic staff members of the university, 25 of whom were purposefully selected from the desired cases. The data collection tool was a researcher-made self-interactive questionnaire. In order to measure and evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the criterion of content validity was used. The content validity of the questionnaire was 0.96. The data analysis was done with interpretive Structural modeling method. The results of the research showed that 9 factors play a role as barriers to school-oriented management. Also, the results showed that financial obstacles (the cost of school-oriented management), socio-cultural obstacles and political obstacles (political focus on schools by the central government) as key independent variables have high influence power and low dependence. Also, the results showed that the lack of belief in the professional competence of school administrators, the lack of infrastructure facilities, the emphasis of upper management on the supervision and control of schools, and the lack of cooperation of local communities with school-based management as the linking variables with the greatest power of influence and the greatest power of dependence. and the centralism in the education system of the country and the lack of legal powers to school managers and staff as dependent variables have high dependency power and low influence power.

In the present study, the political dimension of the current underdevelopment situation and how it is tied to the economy as well as its consequences in Kurdistan province have been explored. Undoubtedly, the study of how all aspects of Iran's political economy work and analyze requires extensive research, and sometimes due to lack of data, it is not possible to get an accurate picture of the monopolies that govern it. The arrival of hydrocarbon resources has added to the complexity of this structure, so that many consider the abundance of resources and the emergence of the rentier government as the main cause of the current situation, unaware that the defective structure of Iran's political economy without oil revenues is able to provide a minimum welfare. It also did not have the current limited infrastructure. In the present study, using a qualitative method, we will seek to answer the question of whether there is a significant difference in the development levels of Kurdistan province and the country as a whole or not. Comparing the indicators of human development in 1977 and 2017, it was concluded that in general, Kurdistan province in terms of human development has a lower rank than the national average, the main reason for which can be introduced in the form of political economy of monopolies whose roots It goes back to the period before the Islamic Revolution in 1978.

While focusing on the teleological matters, most of the studies about the roots of disorder and anarchy in Iran attempt to explain the “present” obstacles against order of law; the present study aims to analyze the Structural-historical conditions affecting the “possibility and impossibility of the order of law in Iran”. In the former studies, “Iran’s history” is inversely applied in order to explain the present situation of society. Instead of interpreting the determining social structures in the history, such studies attempts to understand “contemporary Iran”. Furthermore, applying comparative-fundamentalist method, they base their analysis on the economic or political conditions of the matter. However, the present study claims that the general theory of social transformation–either the Marxian or Weberian-that is produced approaching western medieval societies- could not explain roots of disorder and anarchy in Iran. Instead, applying a Structuralist model, and focusing on “articulation” in analysis, the present study aims to explore the historical obstacles against the order of law in the history of Iran (rather than western medieval history). Thus, it claims that the main root of “disorder in the history of Iran” is the governing system of political, martial, and economic management in Iran.

The main aim of the current paper is to identify and analyze the "Structural" and "professional" obstacles of media monitoring over the government and governmental organizations of Iran. This research is a kind of applied-exploratory study. The study has applied qualitative method (in-depth interview with journalists and public relations professionals), for data gathering and purposive sampling method for selecting samples. Research results show that the most important cultural obstacles are "secrecy" and "fear" of transparency in Iranian culture, acclaim of praise, the fear of criticism among Iranians. Political obstacles are secrecy in the media due to the heavy shadow of politics, the government officials’ attitude toward the media as a tool serving their purposes, the government intervention in all of media affairs, media mostly belonging to the government, political treatment of the media, the partisan functionality of the media, and the politician’ s engagement in the media management. Also the most important legal obstacles are the need to obtain a license for media activities, the breadth of exceptions and red lines of informing, and the most important economic obstacles are the government's presence in the media economy, lack of financial independence in the media, bribery of reporters, inequality competitive conditions between the governmental and non-governmental media. Also the most important obstacles within government organizations include the ownership approach of government to information, aidem nmb ab government meetings, considering media criticism as aggressive and misdeed catcher by the government managers. Finally, the most important internal media obstacles include media self-censorship, the presence of young and inexperienced people in the media, lack of recognition of investigative journalism, dominance of event-oriented approach instead of process-oriented approach

Due to environmental, social and economic challenges which threat organizations during recent decades, customer orientation and emphasis on his/her needs for competitive advantage are fading. Green SCM is appropriate approach for this issue. Green SCM integrates SCM with environmental requirements in all stages of products design, raw material supply, production and manufacture, distribution and delivery processes, and recycling management in order to maximize energy consumption productivity. So, this survey follows to study obstacles for green SCM in Pars Khodro Co. using ISM. For this, logistics section in Pars Khodro Co. was surveyed. In the first step, the obstacles were identified and then the main obstacles were selected by experts. In the next step, structure and role of obstacles were determined by ISM. Findings showed that lack of high and middle level managers’ support was ranked as the first one. Also, lack of active and volunteer role of organization and suppliers in implementation os environmental standards and social responsibilities was ranked as the last one (9th). In addition, dependent, independent, and influencing variables were identified.

By examining the development plans and their results in Iran after the revolution, we can say that despite an abundance of natural resources and access to mineral resources of oil and gas, Iran is still not a developed country in the world economically. Therefore, this article delves into the most important Structural obstacles to economic development in Iran after the Islamic Revolution. The research approach is qualitative. In terms of purpose, it is applied research. It used library studies to collect information on theoretical foundations and research literature, as well as the background of the research subject. It drew out some indicators that were theoretically relevant to the research and its components and displayed them in a pattern. First, we studied the economic development theories (modernization theory, dependency theory, world system theory, rentier government theory, Rostow's theory, Todaro's theory, and Lewis's development theory), then analyzed the development programs after the Islamic revolution, which include six programs. These programs were not similar and had variations and differences. The research drew a model to achieve economic development according to the review of the theoretical literature of the research on the sociology of the Structural obstacles to development in Iran after the Islamic Revolution. It includes political development, reforming monetary and price policies, developing global trade and absorbing capital, reducing the size of the government and strengthening the private economy, increasing productivity, and developing a comprehensive plan for poverty alleviation.

This study explores the distinguished Persian Sufi mystic Shaykh Maḥmūd Shabestarī’s Golshan-e Rāz, or The Rose Garden of Mystery. Adopting a hermeneutic approach, it scrutinizes the intricate spiritual journey towards divine realization delineated in Shabestarī’s poetry, utilizing qualitative content analysis of original texts and interpretations by scholars such as Lāhījī and Ibn Turka Iṣfahānī. The main question the paper addresses is this: “How can the spiritual journeyer overcome obstacles—particularly ‘otherness’—and achieve unity with the divine Essence within the framework of Islamic mysticism, as interpreted through Shabestarī’s teachings in Golshan-e Rāz?” To answer this inquiry, the paper addresses pivotal questions concerning Shabestarī’s depiction of the spiritual journeyer’s path, its stages and challenges, and the critical role of the human form in divine manifestation. The study underscores the necessity of overcoming duality and distinction, alluding to the transformative nature of the journey that necessitates self-purification and the cessation of otherness. Findings from this study provide an enriched understanding of Shabestarī’s thought, contributing to the discourse on Islamic metaphysics. It presents valuable insights into the spiritual journeyer’s path, offering a comprehensive interpretation of the challenges, practices, and transformative experiences leading to divine realization and unity.

ABSTRACT With the expansion of inefficient tissues, "Urban regeneration" has been objectified as a solution for developing cities in different physical, social and economic dimensions. Despite the development of the guidelines for urban regeneration projects, these projects in Iran still have challenges in the stage of realization and implementation. This article aims to identify the "challenges and causes of non-realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran" and analyse the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach. For this purpose, a meta-analysis of 23 articles in the field of problems of urban regeneration projects in Iran was carried out. The challenges raised in the AtlasTI software were extracted with the help of open and axial coding. In the following, 100 codes were determined in the form of 10 groups or general categories. In the end, the obstacles to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran were given. According to the obtained results, the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and management problems, and the weakness of participation are the four most important and frequent challenges in the research related to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran Extended Abstract Introduction The trend of urban population growth and the expansion of inefficient urban fabrics along with the increasing immigrant population to the cities makes the planners think of filling the existing urban fabrics with excessive density and land use change, instead of the city horizontal development with regard to the urban sustainable development prism. Poor housing, low per capita services, lack of necessary infrastructure, low quality of life, economic stagnation and functional inefficiency, unorganized physical-spatial structure, high vulnerability to earthquakes, loss of social status, and various social problems exemplify the typical challenges of such deteriorated areas. Deterioration of the urban fabric has prompted the emergence of various urban development policies among which regeneration as an overarching approach characterized by its economic, social, environmental, physical, ecological dimensions and components including quality of life, justice, revitalization and participation. This concept, as an urban development policy, has been defined and applied in the vulnerable and deteriorated areas of cities in recent years. Started from physical redevelopment in the Second World War and passing through policies concentrated on social and economic welfare, urban regeneration policies moved towards the participation of local residents and the creation of sustainable places in recent decades. However, taking into consideration the manifestation challenges of urban development plans, in the existing literature, urban regeneration challenges have been less comprehensively investigated. This paper aims to identify the "challenges and causes of lack of urban regeneration plans manifestation in Iran" based on the review and analysis of the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach in response to this question: "What are the challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran?”   Methodology This research aims to identify "challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" through a meta-analysis of the research conducted in this field. Conducting a systematic search in Magiran, comprehensive humanities portal, and Google Scholar databases using the Boolean logic search used the keyword (challenges) AND key phrases (‘manifestation of plans’ AND ‘urban regeneration in Iran’) resulted in more than 70 Persian papers, 2 English papers, and 2 English theses. The reviewed studies included research and review papers, case study research, and the special issue of urban regeneration policy of Haft Shahr Journal. The geographical scope of the investigated studies covers the historical contexts of Iran, and metropolises such as Tehran, Tabriz, Shiraz, and Isfahan. Reviewing the abstracts, 23 studies were selected among which the research focusing on the different types of regeneration, and evaluation of urban regeneration indicators were excluded from the research process. To conduct meta-analysis after a comprehensive review of each study, open and focused coding of challenges was done through Atlas.ti software (version 8), and the obstacles to the manifestation of the plans were extracted. Coding process continued until the saturation was reached. Finally, the 115 codes obtained was reduced to 100 through integrating similar codes. Then, all the codes were categorized into 10 categories, and a comprehensive model of "challenges of manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" was presented.   Results and discussion Based on the conducted review, the recognized problems with emphasis on the different aspects of urban regeneration projects are: 1) Weak presence of non-governmental organizations (18 codes); 2) Problems of preparing plans (17 codes); 3) Institutional and managerial problems (14 codes); 4) Weakness of participation (13 codes); 5) Duration and financial problems of urban regeneration plans (10 codes); 6) Problems of urban regeneration plans process (8 codes); 7) loss of identity of fabrics in the preparation of the plan (6 codes); 8) Lack of context-oriented approach (7 codes); 9) inefficient evaluation of plans (4 codes); 10) lack of social and specialized training for citizens and officials (3 codes). The lack of endogenous theory and insufficient knowledge of the environment and residents obstacle the manifestation of urban regeneration plans. Despite pretending the use of non-governmental organizations, the relevant law weaknesses, and the lack of belief in the effectiveness of it has led to disregard of the participation of non-governmental organizations in practice in the process of preparing and implementing development plans resulting in an inadequate context for manifestation of urban regeneration plans. In addition, the government supervision on NGO’s in the way of achieving independence has also caused limitations for their interplay. In terms of the issues in the preparation of plans, more emphasis on the physical and economic dimensions and the purely physical view, and the lack of attention to the social and cultural consequences, along with the loss of the community identity, are the factors of the failure of the plans to achieve the expected results. The lack of coordination between programs and multiple decision-makers led to the institutional confrontation instead of interaction. In this regard, the necessity of an integrated and comprehensive approach to urban regeneration has been acknowledged in the reviewed studies. NGO’s can play an effective role in communicating with citizens, educating citizens and informing them. It is also necessary to have the participation of the private sector and other organizations involved in the field of urban development in addition to public participation in all steps of preparation, implementation and occupation of projects and development plans. In the absence of a context-oriented approach in the preparation and implementation of urban regeneration plans in Iran with blind imitation of western models and the existence of limited urban infrastructure, following consequences are inevitable: uncertainty in terms of time, cost and site preparation before the implementation of the plan; lack of definition of urban regeneration plans in the different scales, neighborhood, region and city; and the uncertainty of the relationship between these plans and other urban development plans. As such in the current inadequate conditions driving the process of preparing plans, the possibility of implementing new policies and plans, is low and the implemented plans like many other urban development plans in Iran, are inefficient in the absence of the post occupancy evaluation.   Conclusion Based on the results, four priority challenges in the manifestation of urban regeneration plans in Iran include; the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, and the weakness of participation. "The weak presence of non-governmental organizations" has been mentioned as the first challenge in most reviewed studies (Ahmadifar et al., 2014). Regarding the "participation of citizens" even though in the set of laws and regulations of sustainable urban regeneration, promotion of citizenship culture, participation, and cooperation of local institutions are highlighted, the residents are not welcomed in practice. On the other hand, the lack of people's participation in the preparation and implementation of plans has made any urban regeneration actions fail or achieve to its partial goals. In this regard, the results of the previous comparative comparisons have shown that the lack of laws and regulations supporting participation in various fields is of the key factors (Nourian and Ariana, 2011, Shafie Dastjerdi and Sadeghi, 2016). The problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, ranked as the third and fourth issues in this study, have been emphasized in previous studies as well (Kalantari Khalil Abad et al., Pakro and Sattarzadeh, 2014, Izadi et al., 2019). Therefore, prioritizing the challenges raised by experts and determining operational strategies to solve them are issues that can be addressed in future studies.   Keywords Urban regeneration plans, manifestation, meta-analysis   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.

The present paper was conducted with the aim of identifying the Structural obstacles to organizational entrepreneurship in the Ministry of Sport and Youth (MSY). In terms of method, the paper is an applied one & a kind of survey study uses the mixed methodology (qualitative and quantitative). The population consists of the present and former managers of the MSY and academic experts. In the qualitative section, the purposeful sampling method was considered. Accordingly, following interviews with 13 individuals from the population, a theoretical saturation level was achieved. In order to identify the barriers to organizational entrepreneurship, in the qualitative section, the qualitative content analysis and open and axial coding interviews were used. Additionally, in the quantitative section, AHP was used for prioritizing the identified obstacles. An analysis of the qualitative data revealed seven main Structural obstacles to organizational entrepreneurship in MSY including research & development, operational assessment, reward system, decision making, strategy, financial system & organizational structure. Furthermore, in execution program some offers like: delegation of authorities & motivating personnel to present their innovational opinion in order to achieve to organizational entrepreneurship in MSY is proposed.

Paying more attention to the promotion of income generation rate in the country and the importance and status of sport tourism in this regard is now more necessary than ever. This study aims at identifying and prioritizing the barriers to the development of sport tourism in Iran and finding a Structural-interpretive model for theses barriers. The study is an applied research in terms of purpose and is a combined one in terms of approach that is the statistical population of the study was both qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative population (N=15) consisted of experts in tourism, sport tourism, and sport management and the statistical population at the quantitative level included coaches and referees, competition officials and organizers, senior tournament managers, players, and spectators who were selected randomly from a stratified sample of 379 people. First, a comprehensive review of research literature and some interviews with experts in the filed were carefully carried out and then the barriers to sport tourism in Iran were determined on the basis of the Structural-interpretive modeling method. Data collecting tools were interviews and two questionnaires. According to the results, 8 barriers were identified as the most important ones. Governmental and legal barriers as well as infraStructural weaknesses were identified as the most important barriers to the development of Iranian sport tourism. Then on the basis of the Structural-interpretive model, the relationships between these barriers were identified and analyzed, and by means of Mic-Mac analysis the effects of the barriers were determined. It was proved that the government and legal barriers have the influence of 8 that is the highest level of impact on other barriers of the development of sport tourism. The results of the current study can help the policy makers make better and smarter decisions in order to find the best ways to develop this industry.